Suggested Reading
A list of citations
with relevant links to PubMed abstracts:
Prevalence/Epidemiology
Bo K. Urinary incontinence, pelvic floor dysfunction, exercise and sport. Sports Med. 2004;34:451-464. View abstract
Brown JS, Grady D, Ouslander JG, Herzog AR, Varner RE, Posner SF. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in postmenopausal women. Heart & Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:66-70. View abstract
Buchsbaum GM, Chin M, Glantz C, Guzick D. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in a cohort of nuns. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:226-229. View abstract
Bump RC, Norton PA. Epidemiology and natural history of pelvic floor dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1998;25:723-746. View abstract
Farrell SA, Allen VM, Baskett TF. Parturition and urinary incontinence in primiparas. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97:350-356. View abstract
Finkelstein MM, Skelly J, Kaczorowski J, Swanson G. Incontinence Quality of Life Instrument in a survey of primary care physicians. J Fam Pract. 2002;51:952. View abstract
Fitzgerald ST, Palmer MH, Berry SJ, Hart K. Urinary incontinence. Impact on working women. AAOHN J. 2000;48:112-118. View abstract
Fitzgerald ST, Palmer MH, Kirkland VL, Robinson L. The impact of urinary incontinence in working women: a study in a production facility. Women Health. 2002;35:1-16. View abstract
Fultz NH, Burgio K, Diokno AC, Kinchen KS, Obenchain R, Bump RC. Burden of stress urinary incontinence for community-dwelling women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:1275-1282. View abstract
Fultz NH, Herzog AR. Self-reported social and emotional impact of urinary incontinence. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:892-899. View abstract
Goldberg RP, Kwon C, Gandhi S, Atkuru LV, Sorensen M, Sand PK. Urinary incontinence among mothers of multiples: the protective effect of cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188:1447-1453. View abstract
Hagglund D, Walker-Engstrom M, Larsson G, Leppert J. Reasons why women with long-term urinary incontinence do not seek professional help: a cross-sectional population-based cohort study. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2003;14:296-304. View abstract
Hannestad YS, Rortveit G, Sandvik H, Hunskaar S. A community-based epidemiological survey of female urinary incontinence: the Norwegian EPINCONT study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53:1150-1157. View abstract
Hunskaar S, Burgio K, Diokno A, Herzog AR, Hjalmas K, Lapitan MC. Epidemiology and natural history of urinary incontinence in women. Urology. 2003;62(4 suppl 1):16-23. View abstract
Kirkland VL, Palmer MH, Fitzgerald ST. Incontinence in a manufacturing setting: women's perceptions and responses. Public Health Nurs. 2001;18:312-317. View abstract
MacLennan AH, Taylor AW, Wilson DH, Wilson D. The prevalence of pelvic floor disorders and their relationship to gender, age, parity and mode of delivery. BJOG. 2000;107:1460-1470. View abstract
Miller YD, Brown WJ, Russell A, Chiarelli P. Urinary incontinence across the lifespan. Neurourol Urodyn. 2003;22:550-557. View abstract
Newman DK. Stress urinary incontinence in women. Am J Nurs. 2003;103:46-55. View abstract
Palmer MH, Fitzgerald S. Urinary incontinence in working women: a comparison study. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2002;11:879-888. View abstract
Pregazzi R, Sartore A, Troiano L, et al. Postpartum urinary symptoms: prevalence and risk factors. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2002;103:179-182. View abstract
Rortveit G, Daltveit AK, Hannestad YS, Hunskaar S; Norwegian EPINCONT Study. Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or cesarean section. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:900-907. View abstract
Sampselle CM, Wyman JF, Thomas KK, et al. Continence for women: evaluation of AWHONN's third research utilization project. Association of Women's Health Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2000;29:9-17. View abstract
Spellacy E. Urinary incontinence in pregnancy and the puerperium. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2001;30:634-641. View abstract
Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, Ellwood DA. Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth. Birth. 2002;29:83-94. View abstract
Viktrup L. The risk of lower urinary tract symptoms five years after the first delivery. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002;21:2-29. View abstract
Wyman JF, Harkins SW, Choi SC, Taylor JR, Fantl JA. Psychosocial impact of urinary incontinence in women. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;70(3 pt 1) :378-381. View abstract
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Pathophysiology/Neurourology
Bae JH, Moon DG, Lee JG. The effects of a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor on the urethra: an in vitro and in vivo study. BJU Int. 2001;88:771-775. View abstract
Chancellor MB, Yoshimura N. Neurophysiology of stress urinary incontinence. Rev Urol. 2004;6(suppl 3):S19-S28.
Connell K, Guess MK, Bleustein CB, et al. Effects of age, menopause, and comorbidities on neurological function of the female genitalia. Int J Impot Res. 2005;17:63-70. View abstract
de Groat WC. Influence of central serotonergic mechanisms on lower urinary tract function. Urology. 2002;59(5 suppl 1):30-36. View abstract
de Groat WC, Yoshimura N. Pharmacology of the lower urinary tract. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:691-721. View abstract
Dietz HP, Bennett MJ. The effect of childbirth on pelvic organ mobility. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:223-228. View abstract
Fraser MO, Chancellor MB. Neural control of the urethra and development of pharmacotherapy for stress urinary incontinence. BJU Int. 2003;91:743-748. View abstract
Haderer JM, Pannu HK, Genadry R, Hutchins GM. Controversies in female urethral anatomy and their significance for understanding urinary continence: observations and literature review. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2002;13:236-252. View abstract
Hurt WG. Exploring new horizons in stress incontinence: the neurourology connection. Adv Stud Med. 2002;2:541-545.
Miller J, Kasper C, Sampselle C. Review of muscle physiology with application to pelvic muscle exercise. Urol Nurs. 1994;14:92-97. View abstract
Miller JM, Perucchini D, Carchidi L, DeLancey JOL, Ashton-Miller JA. Pelvic floor muscle contraction during a cough and decreased vesical neck mobility. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97:255-260. View abstract
Newman DK, Palmer MH, eds. State of the science on urinary incontinence. Am J Nurs. 2003;3(theme issue):1-58.
Pajoncini C, Costantini E, Guercini F, Bini V, Porena M. Clinical and urodynamic features of intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Neurourol Urodyn. 2003;22:264-268. View abstract
Rovner E. Pelvic organ prolapse: a review. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2000;46:24-37. View abstract
Sampselle CM, DeLancey JO. Anatomy of female continence. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 1998;25:63-70, 72-74. View abstract
Thor KB. Neurourology: exploring new horizons. Adv Stud Med. 2002;2:677-680.
Thor KB. Serotonin and norepinephrine involvement in efferent pathways to the urethral rhabdosphincter: implications for treating stress urinary incontinence. Urology. 2003;62(4 suppl 1):3-9. View abstract
Thor KB. Serotonin and norepinephrine in SUI. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2004;86(suppl 1):S38-S52.
Viktrup L, Bump R. Simplified neurophysiology of the lower urinary tract. Prim Care Update Ob/Gyns. 2003;10:261-264.
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Risk Factors/Prevention
Bai SW, Jeon MJ, Kim JY, Chung KA, Kim SK, Park KH. Relationship between stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2002;13:256-260. View abstract
Brown JS, Sawaya G, Thom DH, Grady D. Hysterectomy and urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Lancet. 2000;356:535-539. View abstract
Dallosso H, Matthews R, McGrother C, Donaldson M. Diet as a risk factor for the development of stress urinary incontinence: a longitudinal study in women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58:920-926. View abstract
Dallosso HM, McGrother CW, Matthews RJ, Donaldson MM; Leicestershire MRC Incontinence Study Group. The association of diet and other lifestyle factors with overactive bladder and stress incontinence: a longitudinal study in women. BJU Int. 2003;92:69-77. View abstract
Dietz HP. Levator function before and after childbirth. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004;44:19-23. View abstract
Diokno AC, Sampselle CM, Herzog AR, et al. Prevention of urinary incontinence by behavioral modification program: a randomized, controlled trial among older women in the community. J Urol. 2004;171:1165-1171. View abstract
Gray M, Krissovich M. Does fluid intake influence the risk for urinary incontinence, urinary tract infection, and bladder cancer? J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2003;30:126-131. View abstract
Grodstein F, Fretts R, Lifford K, Resnick N, Curhan G. Association of age, race, and obstetric history with urinary symptoms among women in the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:428-434. View abstract
Grodstein F, Lifford K, Resnick NM, Curhan GC. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of developing urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:254-260. View abstract
Groutz A, Rimon E, Peled S, et al. Cesarean section: does it really prevent the development of postpartum stress urinary incontinence? A prospective study of 363 women one year after their first delivery. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23:2-6. View abstract
Hannestad YS, Rortveit G, Daltveit AK, Hunskaar S. Are smoking and other lifestyle factors associated with female urinary incontinence? The Norwegian EPINCONT Study. BJOG. 2003;110:247-254. View abstract
Hannestad YS, Lie RT, Rortveit G, Hunskaar S . Familial risk of urinary incontinence in women: population based cross sectional study. BMJ. 2004;329:889-891. View abstract
Harvey MA. Pelvic floor exercises during and after pregnancy: a systematic review of their role in preventing pelvic floor dysfunction. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2003;25:487-498. View abstract
Kapoor DS, Davila GW, Rosenthal RJ, Ghoniem GM. Pelvic floor dysfunction in morbidly obese women: pilot study. Obes Res. 2004;12:1104-1107. View abstract
Landi F, Cesari M, Russo A, Onder G, Lattanzio F, Bernabei R; Silvernet-HC Study Group. Potentially reversible risk factors and urinary incontinence in frail older people living in community. Age Ageing. 2003;32:194-199. View abstract
Lee YJ, Chiang YF, Tsai JC. Severe nonproductive cough and cough-induced stress urinary incontinence in diabetic postmenopausal women treated with ACE inhibitor. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:427-428. View abstract
Meyer S, Hohlfeld P, Achtari C, De Grandi P. Pelvic floor education after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(5 pt 1):673-677. View abstract
Miller JM, Ashton-Miller JA, DeLancey JOL. A pelvic muscle precontraction can reduce cough-related urine loss in selected women with mild SUI. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46:870-874. View abstract
Moller LA, Lose G, Jorgensen T. Risk factors for lower urinary tract symptoms in women 40 to 60 years of age. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:446-451.
Morkved S, Bo K. Effect of postpartum pelvic floor muscle training in prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence: a one-year follow up. BJOG. 2000;107:1022-1028. View abstract
Morkved S, Bo K, Schei B, Salvesen, KA. Pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy to prevent urinary incontinence: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:313-319. View abstract
Rortveit G, Daltveit AK, Hannestad YS, Hunskaar S. Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or cesarean section. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:900-907. View abstract
Salvesen KA, Morkved S. Randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy. BMJ. 2004;329:378-380. View abstract
Sampselle CM, Harlow SD, Skurnick J, Brubaker L, Bondarenko I. Urinary incontinence predictors and life impact in ethnically diverse perimenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:1230-1238. View abstract
Sampselle CM, Miller JM, Mims BL, DeLancey JOL, Ashton-Miller JA, Antonakos CL. Effect of pelvic muscle exercise and transient incontinence during pregnancy and after birth. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91:406-412. View abstract
Subak LL, Johnson C, Whitcomb E, Boban D, Saxton J, Brown JS. Does weight loss improve incontinence in moderately obese women? Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2002;13:40-43. View abstract
Van Kessel K, Reed S, Newton K, Meier A, Lentz G. The second stage of labor and stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184:1571-1575. View abstract
Viktrup L, Lose G. The risk of stress incontinence 5 years after first delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185:82-87. View abstract
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Treatment/Management
Baker J, Norton P. Evaluation of absorbent products for women with mild to moderate urinary incontinence. Appl Nurs Res. 1996;9:29-36. View abstract
Barber MD, Visco AG, Wyman JF, Fantl JA, Bump RC; Continence Program for Women Research Group. Sexual function in women with urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:281-289. View abstract
Bo K, Talseth T, Holme I. Single blind, randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no treatment in management of genuine stress incontinence in women. BMJ. 1999;318:487-493. View abstract
Broome BA. The impact of urinary incontinence on self-efficacy and quality of life. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1:35. View abstract
Bump RC, Hurt WG, Fantl JA, Wyman JF. Assessment of Kegel pelvic muscle exercise performance after brief verbal instruction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991; 165:322-329. View abstract
Cardozo L. New developments in the management of stress urinary incontinence. BJU Int. 2004;94(suppl 1):1-3. View abstract
Chiarelli P, Murphy B, Cockburn J. Women's knowledge, practises, and intentions regarding correct pelvic floor exercises. Neurourol Urodyn. 2003;22:246-249. View abstract
Culligan PJ, Heit M. Urinary incontinence in women: evaluation and management. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62:2433-2444, 2447, 2452. View abstract
Diokno A, Burgio K, Fultz NH, Kinchen KS, Obenchain R, Bump RC. Medical and self-care practices reported by women with urinary incontinence. Am J Manag Care. 2004;10(2 pt 1):69-78. View abstract
Dmochowski RR, Miklos JR, Norton PA, Zinner NR, Yalcin I, Bump RC; Duloxetine Urinary Incontinence Study Group. Duloxetine versus placebo for the treatment of North American women with stress urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2003;170(4 pt 1):1259-1263. View abstract
Engberg S. Age-Associated risks and strategies for the prevention and management of stress urinary incontinence in community-dwelling older women. Women's Health Care. 2005;(Feb suppl):8-12.
Fantl JA, Wyman JF, McClish DK, et al. Efficacy of bladder training in older women with urinary incontinence. JAMA. 1991;2 65:609-613. View abstract
Goes VR, Sartori MG, Baracat EC, Rodrigues de Lima G, Girao MJ. Urodynamic and clinical evaluation of postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence before and after cyclic estrogen therapy. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2003;30:103-106. View abstract
Gray M. The importance of screening, assessing, and managing urinary incontinence in primary care. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2003;15:102-107. View abstract
Hay-Smith EJ, Bo Berghmans LC, Hendriks HJ, de Bie RA, van Waalwijk van Doorn ES. Pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(1):CD001407. View abstract
Herbison P, Plevnik S, Mantle J. Weighted vaginal cones for urinary incontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(1):CD002114. View abstract
Holroyd-Leduc JM, Straus SE. Management of urinary incontinence in women: scientific review. JAMA. 2004;291:986-995. View abstract
Hendrix SL, Cochrane BB, Nygaard IE, et al. Effects of estrogen with and without progestin on urinary incontinence. JAMA. 2005;293:935-948. View abstract
Kinchen KS, Burgio K, Diokno AC, Fultz NH, Bump R, Obenchain R. Factors associated with women's decisions to seek treatment for urinary incontinence. J Womens Health
(Larchmt). 2003;12:687-698. View abstract
Krause C, Wells T, Hughes S, Brink C, Mayer R. Incontinence in women: effect of expectancy to regain control and severity of symptoms on treatment outcomes. Urol Nurs. 2003;23:54-61. View abstract
O'Neil B, Gilmour D. Approach to urinary incontinence in women. Diagnosis and management by family physicians. Can Fam Physician. 2003;49:611-618. View abstract
Mason L, Glenn S, Walton I, Hughes C. Women's reluctance to seek help for stress incontinence during pregnancy and following childbirth. Midwifery. 2001;17:212-221. View abstract
Miller JM. Criteria for therapeutic use of pelvic floor muscle training in women. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2002;29:301-311. View abstract
Miller JM. Childbearing-associated risks and strategies for the prevention and management of stress urinary incontinence. Women's Health Care. 2005;(Feb suppl):4-7.
Millard RJ, Moore K, Rencken R, Yalcin I, Bump RC; Duloxetine UI Study Group. Duloxetine vs placebo in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a four-continent randomized clinical trial. BJU Int. 2004;93:311-318. View abstract
Moore K. Duloxetine: a new approach for treating stress urinary incontinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2004;86(suppl 1):S53-S62.
Newman DK. Conservative management of urinary incontinence in women. Prim Care Update Ob Gyns. 2001;8:153-162. View abstract
Newman DK. Managing and Treating Urinary Incontinence. Baltimore, Md: Health Professions Press; 2002a.
Newman DK. Stress urinary incontinence in women. Am J Nurs. 2003;103:46-55. View abstract
Norton PA, Zinner NR, Yalcin I, Bump RC, for the Duloxetine UI Study Group. Duloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187:40-48. View abstract
Pesce F. Current management of stress urinary incontinence. BJU Int. 2004;94(suppl 1):8-13. View abstract
Sampselle CM. Behavioral interventions in young and middle-age women: simple interventions to combat a complex problem. Am J Nurs. 2003;3(suppl):9-19. View abstract
Sampselle CM. Teaching women to use a voiding diary. Am J Nurs. 2003;103:62-64. View abstract
Sampselle CM. Behavioral interventions: the first-line treatments for women with urinary incontinence. Curr Urol Rep. 2003;4:356-361. View abstract
Sampselle CM. Behavioral intervention for urinary incontinence in women: evidence for practice. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2000;45:94-103. View abstract
Sampselle CM, Wyman JF, Thomas KK, et al. Continence for women: a test of AWHONN's evidence-based protocol in clinical practice. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2000;29:918-926. View abstract
Sasso KC. New treatment options for stress incontinence. RN. 1998;61:36-39. View abstract
Schuessler B, Baessler K. Pharmacologic treatment of stress urinary incontinence: expectations for outcome. Urology. 2003;62(4 suppl 1):31-38. View abstract
Smith DB, Boileau MA, Buan LD. A self-directed home biofeedback system for women with symptoms of stress, urge, and mixed incontinence. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2000;27:240-246. View abstract
Smith AL, Moy ML. Modern management of women with stress urinary incontinence. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2004;50;32-39. View abstract
Tannenbaum C, Bachand G, Dubeau CE, Kuchel GA. Experience of an incontinence clinic for older women: no apparent age limit for potential physical and psychological benefits. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10:751-756. View abstract
Thor KB, Donatucci C. Central nervous system control of the lower urinary tract: new pharmacological approaches to stress urinary incontinence in women. J Urol. 2004;172:27-33. View abstract
Viktrup L, Bump RC. Pharmacological agents used for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women. Curr Med Res Opin. 2003;19:485-490. View abstract
Waetjen LE, Subak LL, Shen H, et al. Stress urinary incontinence surgery in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:671-676. View abstract
Wyman JF, Fantl JA, McClish DK, Bump RC, and the Continence Program for Women Research Group. Comparative efficacy of behavioral interventions in the management of female urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:999-1007. View abstract
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